Describe the process of translation.

(A) Translation refers to the process of polymerization of amino acids to form a polypeptide.
The order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the $mRNA$.
The amino acids are joined by a bond known as a peptide bond.
Formation of a peptide bond requires energy.
Therefore,in the first phase,amino acids are activated in the presence of $ATP$ and linked to their cognate $tRNA$,a process commonly called charging of $tRNA$ or aminoacylation of $tRNA$.
If two such charged $tRNAs$ are brought close enough,the formation of a peptide bond between them is favored energetically.
The presence of a catalyst enhances the rate of peptide bond formation.
The cellular factory responsible for synthesizing proteins is the ribosome.
The ribosome consists of structural $RNAs$ and about $80$ different proteins.
In its inactive state,it exists as two subunits: a large subunit and a small subunit.
When the small subunit encounters an $mRNA$,the process of translation of the $mRNA$ to protein begins.
There are two sites in the large subunit for subsequent amino acids to bind,bringing them close enough for the formation of a peptide bond.
The ribosome also acts as a catalyst ($23S$ $rRNA$ in bacteria is the enzyme ribozyme) for the formation of the peptide bond.
$A$ translational unit in $mRNA$ is the sequence of $RNA$ that is flanked by the start codon $(AUG)$ and the stop codon and codes for a polypeptide.
An $mRNA$ also has some additional sequences that are not translated,referred to as untranslated regions $(UTRs)$.
The $UTRs$ are present at both $5^{\prime}$-end (before the start codon) and at $3^{\prime}$-end (after the stop codon).
They are required for an efficient translation process.
For initiation,the ribosome binds to the $mRNA$ at the start codon $(AUG)$,which is recognized only by the initiator $tRNA$.
The ribosome then proceeds to the elongation phase of protein synthesis.
During this stage,complexes composed of amino acids linked to $tRNA$ sequentially bind to the appropriate codon in $mRNA$ by forming complementary base pairs with the $tRNA$ anticodon.